Impacto de los mensajes frontales de advertencia en el patrón de compra de alimentos en Chile / Impact of front-of-pack labeling on food purchase pattern in Chile

OBJETIVO: analizar el impacto de los mensajes frontales de advertencia (MFA) en los patrones de compra de alimentos de familias chilenas con menores de 14 años después de la ley que regula el etiquetado nutricional en Chile. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal que entrevistó a 468 apoderados de 11 establecimientos educacionales de Santiago. La encuesta pesquisó la percepción de los apoderados con respecto a los MFA, los patrones de compra y la influencia de los hijos en la compra de los alimentos adquiridos por la familia. RESULTADOS: la madre es principalmente la responsable de las compras de alimentos del hogar (62.0 %). Los apoderados con escolaridad más alta presentaron mayor conocimiento de la regulación (p < 0,05). El 66,3 % no consideraban la información presente en el rótulo antes de la ley. El MFA considerado más importante fue "Alto en azúcares" (18,0 %). El 49,5 % dejaron de comprar algún alimento debido a la presencia de MFA. El 75,0 % de los apoderados indicó que sus hijos los acompañan en el momento de la compra. Se observó una menor probabilidad de cambio en el patrón de compra de alimentos en las familias que no consideraban importante los MFA (OR: 5,85; p < 0,001), que no entendían los MFA (OR: 2,99; p = 0,020), que no tenían el hábito de leer el etiquetado antes de la ley (OR: 2,63; p < 0,001) y en las que el niño solicitaba algún alimento en el momento de la compra (OR: 2,91; p = 0,009). CONCLUSIÓN: los factores asociados a la compra de alimentos con MFA fueron: no considerarlos importante, no entenderlos, no tener el hábito de leer el etiquetado y la solicitud de alimentos por los hijos en el momento de la compra

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the impact of front-of-pack warning labeling (FOP-L) on food purchase patterns in Chilean families with children under 14 years of age after the implementation of the Law on nutritional labeling in Chile. METHODS: a cross-sectional study in 468 parents/tutors from 11 schools in Santiago. The questionnaire investigated FOP-L perception, food purchase patterns, and the influence of children on the selection of foods purchased by the family. RESULTS: mostly mothers are responsible for household food purchases (62.0 %). Parents with a higher schooling level had a greater knowledge of the regulation (p < 0.05). In all, 66.3 % did not consider label information before the law was implemented. The FOP-L considered most important was "High in sugars" (18.0 %); 49.5 % stopped buying some foods due to the presence of a FOP-L; 75.0 % of parents reported that their children accompanied them at the supermarket. A lower probability of food purchase pattern change was observed in families that did not consider the FOP-L an important tool (OR: 5.85; p < 0.001), did not understand the meaning of the FOP-L (OR: 2.99; p = 0.020), had not the habit of reading nutritional labeling prior to law implementation (OR: 2.63; p < 0.001), or had a child who requested specific foods (OR: 2.91; p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: factors associated with buying food with FOP-L included: not considering their presence important, lack of understanding, not having the habit of reading labels on packaged foods prior to the Law, and having a child requesting food at the supermarket

[Impact of front-of-pack labeling on food purchase pattern in Chile]. / Impacto de los mensajes frontales de advertencia en el patrón de compra de alimentos en Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: to analyze the impact of front-of-pack warning labeling (FOP-L) on food purchase patterns in Chilean families with children under 14 years of age after the implementation of the Law on nutritional labeling in Chile. Methods: a cross-sectional study in 468 parents/tutors from 11 schools in Santiago. The questionnaire investigated FOP-L perception, food purchase patterns, and the influence of children on the selection of foods purchased by the family. Results: mostly mothers are responsible for household food purchases (62.0 %). Parents with a higher schooling level had a greater knowledge of the regulation (p < 0.05). In all, 66.3 % did not consider label information before the law was implemented. The FOP-L considered most important was "High in sugars" (18.0 %); 49.5 % stopped buying some foods due to the presence of a FOP-L; 75.0 % of parents reported that their children accompanied them at the supermarket. A lower probability of food purchase pattern change was observed in families that did not consider the FOP-L an important tool (OR: 5.85; p < 0.001), did not understand the meaning of the FOP-L (OR: 2.99; p = 0.020), had not the habit of reading nutritional labeling prior to law implementation (OR: 2.63; p < 0.001), or had a child who requested specific foods (OR: 2.91; p = 0.009). Conclusion: factors associated with buying food with FOP-L included: not considering their presence important, lack of understanding, not having the habit of reading labels on packaged foods prior to the Law, and having a child requesting food at the supermarket.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: analizar el impacto de los mensajes frontales de advertencia (MFA) en los patrones de compra de alimentos de familias chilenas con menores de 14 años después de la ley que regula el etiquetado nutricional en Chile. Métodos: estudio transversal que entrevistó a 468 apoderados de 11 establecimientos educacionales de Santiago. La encuesta pesquisó la percepción de los apoderados con respecto a los MFA, los patrones de compra y la influencia de los hijos en la compra de los alimentos adquiridos por la familia. Resultados: la madre es principalmente la responsable de las compras de alimentos del hogar (62,0 %). Los apoderados con escolaridad más alta presentaron mayor conocimiento de la regulación (p < 0,05). El 66,3 % no consideraban la información presente en el rótulo antes de la ley. El MFA considerado más importante fue "Alto en azúcares" (18,0 %). El 49,5 % dejaron de comprar algún alimento debido a la presencia de MFA. El 75,0 % de los apoderados indicó que sus hijos los acompañan en el momento de la compra. Se observó una menor probabilidad de cambio en el patrón de compra de alimentos en las familias que no consideraban importante los MFA (OR: 5,85; p < 0,001), que no entendían los MFA (OR: 2,99; p = 0,020), que no tenían el hábito de leer el etiquetado antes de la ley (OR: 2,63; p < 0,001) y en las que el niño solicitaba algún alimento en el momento de la compra (OR: 2,91; p = 0,009). Conclusión: los factores asociados a la compra de alimentos con MFA fueron: no considerarlos importante, no entenderlos, no tener el hábito de leer el etiquetado y la solicitud de alimentos por los hijos en el momento de la compra.

Nasal cavity changes and the respiratory standard after maxillary expansion.

UNLABELLED: Mandibular cross-sectional deficiency is a dentofacial defect in connection with the narrowing of the mandibular arch width. This abnormality is a significant etiopathogenic factor and it is often associated with nasal breathing difficulties. This atresia may be treated through Rapid Maxillary Expansion or Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion, depending on the patient's age. Both procedures will change the craniofacial structure, especially the nasal cavity. AIM: Based on literature review, the purpose of this paper was to report the relationship among maxillary expansion, nasal cavity and Nasal Airflow Resistance. METHOD: A non-systematic literary review was conducted in search of experimental studies to treat maxillary atresia. Papers considering Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion were included, whereas those using Maxillary Expansion through Segmented Osteotomy were excluded. RESULT: Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion cause dentofacial changes, especially in the nasal cavity. Consequently, the nose width enlarges, reducing Nasal Airflow Resistance. CONCLUSION: Anteroposterior cephalometric studies show evidence of an enlarged nasal cavity following maxillary expansion.

Alterações da cavidade nasal e do padrão respiratório após expansão maxilar: [revisão] / Nasal cavity changes and the respiratory standard after maxillary expansion: [review]

A deficiência transversal da maxila é uma anomalia dentofacial relacionada à diminuição do diâmetro do arco maxilar. Este tipo de deformidade está muitas vezes associado a deficiência respiratória nasal, sendo um importante fator etiopatogênico. O tratamento desta atresia pode ser realizado através da Expansão Rápida da Maxila ou Expansão Rápida da Maxila Cirurgicamente Assistida, ficando na dependência da idade do paciente. Ambos os procedimentos levarão a mudanças na estrutura craniofacial, especialmente na cavidade nasal. OBJETIVO: Através da descrição de trabalhos levantados na literatura, procurou-se relatar a relação existente entre a expansão maxilar, cavidade nasal e resistência aérea nasal. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma tradicional revisão assistemática da literatura, utilizando trabalhos do tipo experimentais, incluindo os que utilizaram Expansão Rápida da Maxila e Expansão Rápida da Maxila Cirurgicamente Assistida, e excluindo os que utilizaram Expansão Maxilar por Osteotomia Segmentada para o tratamento da atresia maxilar. RESULTADO: Tanto a Expansão Rápida da Maxila quanto a Expansão Rápida da Maxila Cirurgicamente Assistida levam a mudanças dentofaciais, especialmente sobre a cavidade nasal, causando um aumento da largura nasal, o que pode levar à diminuição da Resistência Aérea Nasal. CONCLUSÃO: Através dos estudos cefalométricos ântero-posteriores, fica evidente o aumento da largura da cavidade nasal após expansão maxilar.

Mandibular cross-sectional deficiency is a dentofacial defect in connection with the narrowing of the mandibular arch width. This abnormality is a significant etiopathogenic factor and it is often associated with nasal breathing difficulties. This atresia may be treated through Rapid Maxillary Expansion or Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion, depending on the patient's age. Both procedures will change the craniofacial structure, especially the nasal cavity. AIM: Based on literature review, the purpose of this paper was to report the relationship among maxillary expansion, nasal cavity and Nasal Airflow Resistance. METHOD: A non-systematic literary review was conducted in search of experimental studies to treat maxillary atresia. Papers considering Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion were included, whereas those using Maxillary Expansion through Segmented Osteotomy were excluded. RESULT: Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion cause dentofacial changes, especially in the nasal cavity. Consequently, the nose width enlarges, reducing Nasal Airflow Resistance. CONCLUSION: Anteroposterior cephalometric studies show evidence of an enlarged nasal cavity following maxillary expansion.

Expansão rápida da maxila cirurgicamente assistida sob anestesia geral / Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expasion under general anesthesia

As atresias maxilares são deformidades relacionadas com a diminuição do diâmetro do arco maxilar em relação à mandíbula. A etiologia dessas discrepâncias transversais pode estar associada à genética, fisiologia ou decorrente de hábitos parafuncionais. A correção destas deformidades pode ser conseguida através de um tratamento ortopédico ou ortodôntico-cirúrgico, ficando na dependência do crescimento ósseo do paciente. As dificuldades para execução da expansão rápida da maxila aumentam com a idade devido ao fechamento progressivo das suturas maxilares, que proporciona uma significativa resistência esquelética. A expansão rápida da maxila cirurgicamente assistida tem sido o procedimento adotado para liberação cirúrgica das áreas de resistência na maxila. Através do relato de um caso clínico, procuramos demonstrar a eficiência e segurança do procedimento de expansão rápida da maxila cirurgicamente assistida sob anestesia geral em adultos.

The maxillary atresia are deformity related with the decrease of transverse dimension of the maxillary arch in respect to the mandible. The etiology of that transverse discrepancy is possibly associated to genetic, physiology or due to parafunctional habits. The correction of this deformity is possibly contrived trought an orthopedic or surgical-orthodontic treatment, getting in dependency of the osseus growth of the patient. The difficulties to perform the rapidy maxillary expansion increase with the age in function of the gradual obliteration of the maxillary sutures, providing significative eskeletal resistance. The surgically assisted rapidy maxillary expansion has been adopted for surgical release of the resistance areas in the maxilla. The purpose of this case report is to determine the safety and efficiency of a procedure of surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion in adults under general anesthesia.